Health aspects of a potential wind farm

From: Subject: Health aspects of a potential wind farm Date: Fri, 9 Sep 2005 12:59:36 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/research/wind_community_health.html Health aspects of a potential wind farm

=20

P.O. Box 125, Picton, = Ontario, K0K=20 2T0, Canada
Phone 1 613 476 1177 =97 Fax 1 = 613 476=20 7598
Visitors =97 2, Gladstone Avenue, Picton, = Ontario=20

=20

[Back] to = research=20 pages

Some health aspects of wind driven industrial turbines.

Preamble

Nearly all sources used for this memo are outside Ontario as we = have no=20 documented precedents. This fact constitutes a primary call for = caution, as Prince Edward County is being proposed for use as = the=20 first Ontarian test-site or guinea pig with major potential = consequences.=20 While there may be many other pros = and=20 cons, this paper makes the case for a moratorium on rural,=20 green-belt planning permission for industrial wind-driven turbine=20 electricity production in proximity to residential dwellings, = pending full=20 clinical evaluation and conclusions of health hazards = alone.

Opinion on health hazards of wind powered electricity = generating=20 turbines of the commercial variety being proposed in PEC is moving = from=20 the anecdotal domain to a deeper understanding of causality. = However, it=20 should be stated that many conclusions are disputed. There is = however a=20 significant and growing trend towards caution.

Mental and physiological health

Health, specifically mental health, can be defined as the = absence of=20 any identifiable psychiatric disorder according to current norms = (Freeman,=20 1984). In noise research, mental health covers a variety of = symptoms,=20 ranging from anxiety, emotional stress, nervous complaints, = nausea,=20 headaches, instability, argumentativeness, sexual impotency, = changes in=20 general mood, anxiety, and social conflicts, to more general = psychiatric=20 categories like neurosis, psychosis and hysteria (Berglund=20 and Lindvall 1995).

In terms of physiological health, a team of physicians has been = examining such health hazards in New England and the Maritimes and = is=20 working on a research paper looking at the adverse effects of wind = turbine=20 noise on human health; good progress with this is being made. They = have=20 gathered a number of references, all current within the last 10 = years,=20 from acoustical studies of wind turbines, studies from medical = journals=20 and journals of environmental health documenting negative impacts = of noise=20 that are characteristic of noise emissions from wind turbines and = even a=20 few small studies around wind farms in Europe. They also have some = basic=20 clinical research studies documenting endocrinological effects of=20 offending noise in children and adults which represent the early=20 pathophysiology leading to the documented increased incidence of = ischemic=20 heart disease and other cardiovascular complications and = potentially even=20 more far reaching implications in children.

Low frequency noise pollution

Clinical = medical=20 studies are beginning to suggest that sounds that are audible to = the human=20 ear may not be the sole cause for concern - even that "infrasound" = or "low=20 frequency" noise pollution may represent the major portion of = potential=20 health hazards. Such "inaudible= "=20 noise pollution is apparently not being analysed by the wind = driven=20 turbine industry.=20

In late 2003 and early 2004, reports of work by Dr Amanda Harry = ("People demonstrated a range of symptoms from headaches, = migraines,=20 nausea, dizziness, palpitations and tinnitus to sleep disturbance, = stress,=20 anxiety and depression. These symptoms had a knock-on effect in = their=20 daily lives, causing poor concentration, irritability and an = inability to=20 cope") and Dr Bridget Osborne ("There is a public perception that = wind=20 power is 'green' and has no detrimental effect on the environment. = However, these turbines make low-frequency noises that can be as = damaging=20 as high-frequency noises.") have been made public.

Dr Osborne of the Royal College of General Practitioners [1]= =20 has published a paper detailing a "marked" increase in depression = among=20 local people. A report by Dr Geoff Leventhall, a fellow of the = Institute=20 of Physics and Institute of Acoustics, is reported as endorsing = the=20 findings: "Low-frequency noise causes extreme distress to a number = of=20 people who are sensitive to its effects."

Some=20 aspects have already been published by the World Health = Organization.=20 The WHO has also disseminated some Community Guidelines for health = effects=20 of noise. The Health Council of the Netherlands has also made = available=20 some findings on long = term=20 health aspects. We are still awaiting some journal articles = and=20 studies both published and unpublished from Sweden that are most = probably=20 significant.

We have evidence that has led to ordinances such as the one in=20 Riverside County, California where turbine distances from = dwellings can be=20 no closer than 2 miles. We also have collected the studies that = have led=20 to the latest updated WHO guidelines on frequency and decibel threshold = limits=20 which as you might expect are going lower with the results of = on-going=20 research.

While some of this research is not yet quite ready for = publication, and=20 will surely be disputed by the wind powered electricity generating = turbine=20 industry, it represents a quantum leap forward in clinical = assessment of=20 potential dangers - however, "potential" can imply various shades = of=20 probability, and time factors may be somewhat fluid; unduly = assertive=20 conclusions would be contrary to rigourous scientific study. = Necessarily,=20 there is very little long term data yet available on wind turbines = and=20 causality requires proof, not assumption.

Absent compelling reasons to gamble with health hazards, public = health=20 costs and quality of life, probable threats to human health = must be=20 avoided and possible threats to human health should be = avoided. It=20 should be noted that risk management normally places a very low = threshold=20 on acceptable risk where human health outcomes may be negatively=20 influenced. Again this constitutes a call for caution.

The Cost

The author is incapable of putting a "cost" on human suffering; = nevertheless, the economic cost may be examined but a dichotomy=20 surrounding "internal" and "external" accountability for secondary = energy=20 costs in commercial power production immediately becomes apparent. = External costs are defined as those actually incurred in relation = to=20 health and the environment and quantifiable but not built into the = cost of=20 the electricity to the consumer. External costs are therefore = borne by the=20 community at large. Such costs include specifically occupational = disease=20 and accidents, as well as the effects of pollution on human = health, animal=20 husbandry, crop yields, buildings, etc.

The air (and water) pollution of fossil-fuel power production = is widely=20 accepted as a having a negative impact; it should not be an = unacceptable=20 leap of faith to consider that the noise (and visual) pollution of = wind-powered power production should be treated with respect. "In=20 comparison to other pollutants, the control of environmental noise = has=20 been hampered by insufficient knowledge of its effects on = humans... as=20 well as a lack of defined criteria." (World Health Organization, = 1999)

This aspect has traditionally been demonstrated by imposing a=20 "set-back" between the industrial turbines and residential = property (note=20 the use of "property" rather than "residence"; children have the = right to=20 play in their parents back yards, however extensive). Such = set-backs have=20 shown a consistent trend towards increase and whereas 1/4 mile = (~400=20 metres) was in the past a guide line used by the wind turbine = industry in=20 their proposals, the regulatory planning authorities are now = looking at=20 significantly increased figures (example 2 km in Germany; 2 miles = in part=20 of California - both areas with significant experience) or are no = longer=20 permitting land based wind turbine farms (Denmark) or making=20 controversially expensive commitments to offshore installations=20 (Scotland).

From Retexo-RISP = GmbH=20 which is engaged in "marketing innovative, viable, new technology = to=20 overcome damage to the environment and improve life for today and = the=20 future" in Thuringan, Germany. Mission: the international = promotion of=20 environmental technology within the fields of:=20

recycling of ash and waste energy sources,=20
renewable energy,=20
environmental industrial development.

"Description of location [of windfarms]: The location under=20 consideration should first of all be wind-intensive during the = whole=20 year. /.../ Buildings, particularly housing, should not be = nearer=20 than 2 km to the windfarm."

From = Riverside=20 County California:=20

"LU 15.9 Restrict the placement of wind turbines within 2 = miles of=20 residential development unless the applicant supplies = documentation that=20 the machine(s) will not produce low frequency impulsive=20 noise."

The World = Health=20 Organization, Guidelines for Community Noise, 6.1, has reached = (inter=20 alia) two relevant conclusions, of interest to the PEC study:=20

"f. Municipalities should develop low-noise implementation=20 plans."

"g. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses should be = considered=20 as potential instruments when making management decisions."=20

Conclusion

The only possible conclusion from the above, is that the = health=20 hazard aspects of wind powered electricity generating turbines in = Prince=20 Edward County have not been explored, and that the [previous]=20 Municipality's approval of a Point Petre wind farm was reached = without due=20 process and with an apparent misunderstanding of the potential = health=20 hazards and the wellbeing of residents.

Notes:

[1] This = was=20 originally, and erroneously, reported as having been "presented to = the=20 Royal College of General Practitioners". In an e-mail to the = author, dated=20 1 May 2004, Dr Osborne confirmed that it was written "for the = Royal=20 College of General Practitioners North Wales Faculty Newsletter on = the=20 Physiological effects of Wind Turbines". This had been questioned = by the=20 British Wind Energy Association, an industry lobby promoting, in = their own=20 words, the "industry's commitment to the highest standards and = best=20 practice."=20

	= Members are always encouraged to contact us = with=20 suggestions as to content - both on our web pages and in our = research=20 library and archives in Picton Ontario. We are continually expanding our collections - = donations = would be=20 sincerely welcomed
	[ Index to = Research=20 pages ] [ Home = ] [ Index to = Members'=20 pages ]
= Last Updated on 19 May=20 2004	=20 =20 Copyright =A9 2002-2004=20 ACS

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/research/ims/blank.gif R0lGODlhAgACAJEAAP////f39+/v7+fn5yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAACAAIAAQIChFEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/research/ims/aclogo4.gif R0lGODlhhABPAPcAAAAAAAgICBAQEBgYGCEhISkpKTExMTk5OUJCQkpKSlJSUlpaWmNjY2tra3Nz c3t7e4SEhIyMjJSUlJycnKWlpa2trbW1tb29vcbGxs7OztbW1t7e3ufn5+/v7/f39/////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////yH5BAEAAB8ALAAAAACEAE8A QAj+AD8IHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHEB1CAECxIgIPERUygKCAogOFGQpkMEAho0EFCCYCaBDRw4MD GEICMMDhYQcBMzF+yABTQkUBF0wW3FBAAYcDFQvUFJoww4CjFAdkYFqwQ4MKCz04oPggoQcEETQQ qMiSodYGYxkc9MCAwAUOCCoCWLBBYQUGGQB8NGgBwYcCFaVSfegUwAAMECNc7EhRQIeEEhwjrehA Z0IODARMsBpArgELDwwjvoygQuGKNAd/mNBgqYcFCTZM6Gz4Qd2GHioUSDBWLsUACSZYLiihgAMO EQb4/l2UgXPeFQ9cyG2AAQcKgJdTLFlQgwIGGiL+awcgYMAA2nIVTI3YQUGCARoQeoBwYIHqjB4U PHAwwML9Dx4M9x9DGzhQGgb8yRUABQJusIACRhHUAQQTdJTAUgJpZdxjAGbwwAMBEFBXBxQsYIBy AGBF0AUIDDABQRw0MJsCHHbQAWwUQWBjBxh5ByIACgzXQQUPJBBBRhpEEGFCfREAwUAKWNCZfwdl 4EACALyYQQQ+ATAaQw1YoJyKADIQAQABBNUQBBhQJEFC3l2AZgQVuDXgnXjmuVAHBSilZ3u/YXjn Bb0BQEADFEjQlgESVHgAAQG8+J8HFyRAmwAHQFABBhhUEMECkMpFgAMaeGCBAA0IyFAFnRlAQFj+ KALw5H2abUVRqgphMAABTD2AAAa0rccUBgd0RKZCHiAlgLADUXAhYwAcIGhDGhhg6JcPFKDBqYHd ZtAEOBlGAALkEqCciARtgIAGC6CmZ0IU0BZAAALUa++988I3QUUBUJlQAw7YCgB3CFlAAE0jierv QGIBgACHVUk3G78Q6+mBAWcGadJhDKSnqkB8VtaAbwJEUDFCGzBQAAYadKzwxwPdeBy0FH0G0YQ4 HQaRVjgZ8B1vBCSAAJZv5hng0QEW5EEEK8t3NFNIIz1gfhnENZMEJ7+rdVPBCVD01gMlvVYGC8AK QFcCKeATjQg9cIG1LHHgQLx7NRTmmARthKb+AQf0fcCJ9vI6EJtuHqRBAhXgJOkH7SWQtUOHjxWA Am91wAHZ80IgoNzOBtDaQBwsIIC2BUUAgQOdBVAAAw4oAKkBalKKwGQEWIBhBQ0kRxEBCjiwQAEB 2NysbuRNcIEECBAMOgLg4gr289A/JEFni79bAFBgW6mA3wuwCXOeGnB0Ir8DIMCABPHdyZZn0w7W QQIQdDbA4xsc8MBrAizMVOgHYBnA/VmpgPkqFC4gPW4hFKCISLIDALX8BwAWsJahsmIAAaBNKISq gLUE8CX2+K5a8IEIBnCygAAVwAJtqsixmOIAmhSKAd/7AAaqBxHk6Yor92nYBReyAWuhayD+GCBA B0ITKKGwi14VvNDIfvO1/yggAhPLSfQI0q4UIcQBMIxVAmJYkPgBoADeEoiuIoAZuVwIIZezgAIa sIGRDaACAuqLBxhYgAO+q0uNIYAe96hHFF0AWBVpIkIucIAuPQwh1TKABjggQYocIIwwSkBH1FQQ QoZOLrN6XgqF6BAJSEtgOkvIAhgQr98oz3AFgMkGsMSv4wyOIpAkCAQY0IFGRqt9d+JAdgRpFtYR xSIHZKRtbPlGs0hgAA/gQOJIxiyEdKA/GkAPmvQnQuU4TyD1y8BEypIRkrCyIgpQCAQGcAENWE0u AyAjsiiAEwVsIIK++dX3eoi1yZjRAjD+68AFGECbYgIRJ+Uxj3kEMC+yBGgDGcjAIjHyvt/QS6AD leaR5HOBBiSAAQ9oAAN9EyLKtc8DE3BV91rYmVfZ8QMbkMAoI8CAWHF0AAmgAC4JE5drDqSiGVjQ FEFnpM7UbaeqsVLH2IYQlc0UbB2IJVMiEABebk0DB6AABr5pGMSdlAMSONGuRleA5B3QVO9Jneo0 FzNlLkA5Ey0IBhRgHgIQ1AA6IkgGCHAAq9H1bwPY3hobwIAEZAojVTOfRRdwVNxYqZAbeACKDgAx 3JkIlxQwnaHSFzpyGeQCvTvZVXByLAo0oFgns5JPDiDLFPJyAwqoAJpO2YEA/FR6Duj+oEE4EBze YVNvqTmIBU4HpJ1IYCsJeMjdrIjNTwHAcRIxLRpj2pmijfOkC4mAlMg627jk9gOeOhMB0keckeHK Aw1IWKQOMiQMDVd5mvIfdWFUPcIBwKkMO8AyszSpCxhIj7tRZ64eAAFXjasBsi2IhxxQAALkl7sC qYADuCQBCUTAAclM1+ke5TMIKPUDFQWVARawQoKcirRADbGIdcVBEZv4xFu7AByh5wEOuJiL72qx BhKa0IVqTbVz0VoGFCBN1KQEAx6QDYLv04EJnHM8qImAt0x14YZkoICZHNBIUBQbGEGAABLgwEQC 0GGmjJM20vnYdawWrgH8zoAmmav+b045GAES0YGGS4AECEXNjPBvAfOKAIyxaVEMXCA70srIM3f3 kzoLhQAVmEw4FTKBBSAAvg5xSSHbuWelRcAA7wxRk51ptQBMiGIP7EtFmmmQM9lHKEfh7UoqvZaU tIvUyOoIBy3wSJfNpLAPOQAD5BQVWMfsAAEQSgcI4NmasTohqANAWhvistFEYIuNvIhqxFSB6TWm y6rpAPNUwuX/+OTUa6LIsjG6gRdSJTdW6xR6bHqfCp3GTyHe10qqgrgRVmTZD+mhod7CTpkWqj9e cbGLd2QjgSsNAaBxV4i5pbGqrMwCcsE2Gq1WvcbNBz3rqtICHhUAZCKgn+vdCQL+oFKzEG9gdzAj 1gZUIhqHMBIwDSdIvIRzZOR6JaZ5CS5f/EJHXOOp3FwhuNDhUoDX/AS6H2AkuBqIsgMoBapmbHIG gvNe3frlnN2OXi2RrB3CnjPQClEpEX9oOLpqAOqooSSMgBdCg5gzsXLxS/SslgAgK0SZA6hMAWN+ kAU4gOXSTggG+LZIe652OBfASZQLEpzTUISGFnPZDhfCSKnG6rUFMdANawbdkawMtQo647CPmyte EbEibBYKzIgYeMhtF+IVgTwQA5ABPKJJOHt6gJOwWkDydIbdpVaibyoDNVZtt9RjaTtEQuIduRj6 AxHYLo75teKFVGtdg/eNAXz+TRAjI0eaoYyIwWYSSwooIIGTf0hpbG0Y7lOgdiTn1xmzMgEsc0Yu Agi520mC9p8wyMk8Rh5sZhUN0AFIAXAREUQQ0HtuckBDVAAVgFo9NlYYwAE64QFJ1TlVFVXs0nt5 NQETwADSIWBGckQkkxLldHYZABoVVBFuISQPIAAGwBraQQDgoRBvw3WeMWQD0UYYgwEapYO/kTzp khkPgAEQsFFosmgHgTxH6ACFooMkIWYR8AATsCk0pmKJsh8xoTKdIYPhlRsL8AAUUAEWQGMJZQEV MAFV6ADcBzpEAhuxMgBF8QARSHmeJD9GsmkSggFVeFb80lVzkwHHJh/T8z/+G8BQScIARjYwIuYs fMOHKLYQBkJ7COEhCrB40DN1paRzk4gkDMBjARYzmCJiq5Q8hSgfEPB84MNhaPI5B3EBC4B0n7gQ U+U1O3U61RIYR1hpHGABbBgBUoV0HYABkUUnpTI2CiB7jDNDESBdiWgQGLAAlaJsBRcWJ8MjMcMh GGgSgwcBHBCD8aR2MCI6v/IYAwZsNich8fNoE3AlAUh85iRNHZY4JcMjZNMWVcY4LaUgeyRdfFNm DaAmDjIAX1Z9+CGLC2A8uldoEvJ3CEgQbFEnekEQisJJskRrtBQ2rEMRx9IBzgFGBZEoPNZeylUQ D6AYM5E1CbCPqhFkEJD+ABdASNM0EOcjAOsoIeBBPQJBhqNiEC2mKsN1LA6wLwegUGc3Y0VSRaVV OAYBARKAJQYwHOAyigwxAfonIfy1NgIROqGRk90Xgr2VJNskXGJCXIzzAB2zfRvQlm7ploLiXvBl hVK5FE+Weg1Rbfj2LSqzaKGzL2QnYAEzb7UXGgJglnhTXGvpcwIhlwnxABLQETSRLNyEHx+ykQgx TgJAJgxAa0wXiwt4fHKTeGgGJmd5LAzAKsdFi46ZEFDZLuXReiZhARYAPAAkkaGhU2Fjh3HBd0ln Ipg2EBkgI1+oZ6BTf8EpEKR0KwTBLlLCFRgCUgVGEBGQF5/5mMYlkud15iznQR51dQDKYZAfM0QO 0ADlI4wQ8HHqYRAd8GANwIACwADeIiYEJX+34QHmly0c1QBDxi4RUEDAoVRYtCx5klQbwAG0CDJt iaAw1mILmqAJYaAIuicLGkORwYy1mKGqFxqVqaEeqnoWAqEfOqJdpGuVFhAAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/research/ims/acsname4.gif R0lGODlhQgEiAPcAAAAAAAgAAAgICBAAABAICBAQEBgAABgICBgQEBgYGCEAACEICCEQECEYGCEh ISkAACkICCkQECkYGCkpKTEAADEICDEYGDEhITEpKTExMTkAADkICDkYGDkpKTk5OUIICEIQEEIY GEIhIUIpKUIxMUI5OUJCQkoICEoYGEohIUopKUo5OUpKSlIICFIQEFIYGFIhIVIpKVIxMVI5OVJC QlJSUloICFoQEFoYGFohIVopKVoxMVo5OVpCQlpKSlpSUlpaWmMICGMQEGMYGGMhIWMpKWM5OWNC QmNKSmNSUmNaWmNjY2sICGsQEGsYGGshIWspKWtKSmtaWmtjY2tra3MICHMQEHMYGHNjY3Nra3Nz c3sQEHtra3tzc3t7e4QQEISEhIwQEIyMjJQQEJSUlJwQEJyUlJycnKUQEKWUlKWlpa2lpa2trbWt rbW1tb29vcbGxs7OztbW1t7e3ufn5+/v7/f39/////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////yH5BAEAAHcALAAAAABCASIA QAj+AO8IHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGDMWrPPGhgIAXt7EmVPHjkU7c0xsAXAGThw6 JQnaWQLBhEg5ME1q3HnHjpcWAJbEgeNSzpw5ZBRgcDmHjh2dBZ/aEbOSChs3bE5syMBGJEyKJqX2 tMMCQg2mTqHyPEgngxo6c4zKkWMCwAQ3I51WfNpAgZY4edUeFCsYItk6cQGTIVKVDZymdehwsFFA jZqrZDyyePPGJeDPNVaKufyGhWg3cOSEBiDmKhzTAICoceMBsBw4Wj28ccMbKxs2YjZ8AADAgZau L2MKfEpHQYsEo2k/OQNZqhghCgR4OfMG51ODdsj+ELfaFY6HlQ6ualm55GrWrcA17+79282GEw44 i/wMx41Wt10ZpRJLbDhAXH39aRVUVx00AYBlqDUIAG9vLOERcSZ4gZp3Os3x4G3zWQZGDgHUcAZx XJXnxUoAkLEaGJwV9VkckxXw23359eabG2r8R5pRc/DQQolsUCGGbSTVMdBTiM1lVE52wDVUZ3EA KcdQqSUZGR1XIknHl3MAxlRiQ41EZpVawnVUWlJJSdSYYMbVZZVQjuXmm3jmpeSSdkQ2J5BfwlRS HZGd6SVcV3rWZVFHJUrUk4R++WdTYHb5pJRlWjnnoY6iuammM1Y3VqFXAnkUpYIiWuVnl5LKKqr+ YSKZ2Jt5VeoloXUsgRdaha3l66/ABivssMQWi5BU302EbE9rhdUrs4QZmxGy1D47mB0cPnWUWL46 K+2x1X5nrWHQfntHHF7M1cEYBrjVnV5yeOGFBwm4YaAJTc3hhQPGARFUoECsBEYNQJiwQQNsCKqF FgIAwIYaDgwHgAdeIGWADQgLKu+8AmgBB0zxemHCB0VokWSyMsnrxBdcVKfWTCtVdtljJUlVKGTo GkcFADWQ8SWhVC2I1X+/uaSFvBkk8BeUYJjQsRYAmCCHGktolQAQQJwRx8LEddfUGTWYoIUHHX9c R7w7AwDHwh58kIHZdbghrwM2RCFGncvVIcb+BxIDIAAVVIBBFJ11eJEBFVokkIEWPz8FhxdRjy3A W2v7m8BcX4Ihb11auEEHG1VvcHXWTUu8hBp0DYcvoSjTcUQQ6QL65RlNDKAdXk1ZcIKNjhkVRw8n GOABGbMB4UVkAbN2VRyrtYZX88jNwYYNG3hwRu+SKmGDXWKcoQYLJluAgxhvsAHEAA2Q0XvNdpAg BAJdvUFGAgdQwSPNyNLx+xbVkzFSSVPzwMfi8oYEDMALaqiQ7ahwhutRgT3u8dHDZnCCiXVPDSYA Q5imcIMBOIB4btBCDfS3AQhwZTY4GZD3qCaADqjPXgNIQANng4Ht/UYkEvrN3mJwFTV4YAD+JjgD XqAkhw18IQEF8F9T4CAGB8xGDWcwQQB8IMQzBCAAQWygGF6wgAUs4Xps8IDnJEOZh6khCTcAAHSI B4QlzAEOJTyhGyBThziEoAUTmJl3zMVHjSxrSX0MpCAHuRAmcalUoiKkIhfJyEY60lhkEEAAYuOy i9jBBCvIwIQEJRg4PEEIDjAbtx65HDWU4HC/YUPTPNCADDRuXEsgDgDAIAcxFGCSUsNJzTTChifY wAFyYB3KiGUHLdgPKxkwQQlYw8mLgGELHzDBK6VlhzOQgQphGM5skiOYapWrWnVIXmveFRObxYpw 4YrWctS5zrA0ZFmFsYMItscCrKAGVnL+EGBq0tLOsTwlaKd7mATx189rtWkJDpDmzwrFKn46SycQ fSg7l1MumXjIBJlqVAjdQE53whOQ/sxfmHglrvwhVKHC9OYfBwOGOd6GB2WYmBpSU7M61MgNVGCB GOCwhC2kZyhu2MECBKcagZEGNlrDSfLIwJkejGEAQOAoHMjgBds8E1+AkdBOC+ABMAwFYrhTzkDe AIUNsGAJE3CMnkraUwAUwHteeRmT6sCCWWLpDEQ4UJWeKbT3pChgQOjSZARAhqk2gQFaI0oPILAE OPjVMjcZkGPcQBwxwWEKG5hYUUjgIN4QRUIuYUNQEms4l+QEWnCpAQuEwFobKMhjcQD+Q9TE9AYe fMRjcmiQ1IZCBhw4ETA14owYmkCCLp0HAB7zz1YgVKUB2U8kGLXNaQlCPEQ5CY5CCEBU9VQj0sSB DR9Y7oYC9SVxLg96IoEeauAwWJFR6Y0VqGB7yvMmEHYBA2HILhDelSw3ROAMcnjDDFqAgCXstChQ qsP0hnMcUUL0DMdTQwFiA9c4DMh6anhgX30EhvAilzR4gkAL0oeaWtEBN/C5Jx1UiEHikEGIcHiD Vv52PQw46GE4vPFvyICVGoigDBVoEU3DMocBEIANrJrLawRg4ATY5cV44St0WBAEAwBheaiCS3fV IOISgXhwyk3RY2DiBiIEuY3jFev+HerQn4dxxyiI2Y0ayCAGMLTGsVCk805xIqU5d49Rv/Ezdywj 6DcQms5vXmICOfq/SMmvzuQrSoChaM3LYJl9dHBDDwpQADAUj6sz3eOo9DdnMrz4Mnw+1VG+a2oo 76aHljmDGIj3YlmP07FkAAMYmAqYRrFaDOSrklHgYM1Zh/ZhiOao/EwNVx3Fms5PtAy0UcOGBpq6 Pl6pKWpe7b3fzMozbmj19V4tVaKYejQy+k2xE7gbOtuZSkoW9D4jZQYGvPB/8bQZ+/yJK1zpe98P 9Te1BN7vmgpcosP8d0qR1e9hrnNLPwsU68DD74aLi099sjjDC67xgidr4+z7N8j+Q57xhc9VmB5X +L4xnk5qVVyY0Do5yTue8n/LAQIKAEIo55JIUvr850APOk8MuaZdCv3oSE+60pfO9Ea+rOlQH1au wcCGlE6LDho0ukzcACOXCx1buta1GwjlhjPsclx10DUz63AGMExAmhPfiR1UCYeJGquWuiYDoQS3 covQmSSjNJYdpGCDAXAF35Y8ghUyi7qmuFMgcCirw46i5kfGQQw4jx2QvADTDkDKWlEyAlC00Bkl BGEAuhnzuAzzhicEed6rHzoZPLClo6ghr1XVpcMfUs0hKOByPS9WHSZQhDHwLECV5z2TxMlRDi2J S1jSvbkgqhAz3MAAZ4mRqeT+oIUJdMb51wLoZXq0XMcAPvbgeU2fDOko8A8LJSxxEpDiMIEH8Rf9 g/FTmRz/LDuo/+x7IRRwMAIO4gHmpxwm8UZ2MBTnhy14IijhJBpQNBtwEHIcgWTlo2ydUUdE8QZz gCxvRBQuF31eZxB0AAQiIAEVGHg9MQcosDuWRk6D8ka9lhMPGHLiJ1DlRzO34RLeFIJEQRJz0DYV ACBmk2lI9iRRgiczJ4I9mBrV8iYfGHgokQILUABfNBurFmOw94TBBE/+hydzhYRo4hRAuH759AFF +DAx1hlcGExu+AZ9VxDAoT9nYAMf0DFhZQf2kl0CkAE3sAUh4BJIcAIhIQf+WbEAVHAUyZMBnuYG NNAEBTBHdLBFVvAg/fEB8lUUITAEbHAqUiAEPgMHDhBDRpEBQBAmPhABahN8a4YFHoAUQTACnwcV MONWzFUnY3g2DmAjcbEEtkNLTQFQEZRimuYClIMAAZABQNIFNxBVcQEBZhVgRIMcWsBaE7JXBcAC I0GKMfQYc0AFQjAAsdEdb6ACv3QUBXQGdPAGHHAAE8BnH4ctSDAGW6AABmAA5Fg2ZgIE2jEXanBF NZAXcJADC4AXciCOlREHQGAFu2MbXDAEYKA/GfCN1AgfyBEHKyAE2VhLV2AC4DhdBFEHCcACJnCS DrAFk8RrOUFGMnMZZ5D+AxuQfUTBBoXlEi9yVCvBVKmBXmDQBAYAHRxVA3gxFDqwOyfpAQiwAAIg RhaQhxnQGjwGe3yyGjKkSh5QAlITcm31Vgn0hVHxFGwwYaTnhh5AT52xIhsGH2QgkwlgAh6glEy5 GSrQAhiAJTHGVOXjIwnUXCsxG3UFAPrhWBUAAZ2WYw7jGhLCGWrwAb/HFeEmEvy3HFLyBmIgLz6w AS6wAXpoILrhhlqwPenhBU5gADdJFN4zODflBnVZAEmZABAgAHdBfm7Rl4h4AhWQHlznBYOjS+DB AqoyFB6ABrkZIDDhkpbRFWqgGZ61fXMgThSIXswjGq7BAmOwAZWxBP7+o2S5YU8cRR9eIAIV8BEA UE/4E1F2xgM2AB1htJ381yeTETVC9BL5JgbEEVDQhR4OBEFDAx9g4BEmUB/fyRs44llmMhcyhpH7 xGIGwhIUmKCxcRkSAiFwkENdcQZa4BzE0TGSuUseAmB4+Wp10TMoUmFqyRqr4QXLs31y0F1sgCOp xBkUQpsUyGe0MwAmUgNq5YorpgZycipyIAVhgKPY45I3NBQDwhX7NAdmd4LU+TzUmV5PWiVcUHjI tSFHARsTMG7oMhcJsARy1gNDSpT49hScpTWGxgNA5Bro1CdycARhAABccX9PoQbeBxd1MQHEY2hF kFkXpGHt0Z9uQQb+GbASRtilzFM7DsAdL1GJ+kM0KsZi4kFhqJEFNtAuDcQGF6BjiLljLFE+YhAD XzBL2fYUcmA1hXUpqpEeauAvBaAFMCZ6sUEGWsAADqIrY4YakbFlJqCo6iMSR3KRkEkzyBMzeiSS d7BiCkIFqAMTj1MDGzBJAnBlIdQwAlADZzF/S5ADxIGF4Nh9qqMhVDAB4YpT5Bo1IdGNRnADKppm XFIXG3plc6EFRnAAS+AvGRBQQ/YUYKAA67kE9/oDmYU1HjhxfXJi20ocQIA4XqAFPgOkU6MDCAAE NRA5ZkQFbSOngVMD+JgANTAbbKBJ3bpfThIHVLAD5LggjVIXo1P+WFoQMeWpomygBW4DBBnAZNcD RUAwYTzTGlTQAAM7GkDwAhOwBHXBAgiEGlByUWeANUuAOA5gFTHWGz2gACywsxMQVckZbkAgMYuj jrVaAdMqBrxRsbIkG77DslhDBt6xqzYwGgeYcPqHYIPCJW3GaHMRB/OxT5XShoyyhTGyKn4ruDGC KokSGEwSJvMBb2TSgdp3WgcbYPoho82pFxDVJINrKln2bY77KEq2G244tVQCVBSSJfkyJW64fX47 f21IJXjSucIGVPCGup4RopyBeMzhKJImf0CKlx34KI3Sun+ruIE7JaXLc3Hht9URN431ffwUFZFC KewTvadCXtXVm1K1J72Roibkxb3W6zIlp3VEd724EicShzIZJyfIy3N4syTZK3Emt71Z1m9qAitr cpz1+0oH6730e7/yq73Wu1D/2733271wASURBXEGjL0KLL36BibwezOQESiqBoE3AxeWwRFa4CST ORghxSwh1XJUWFAIJ8If9U5/FFErFZY2Ey4gbFArzMIX51Et104x/MHfJMIUpVI2rMPepBAeVVE7 bHcxJ1fc8sNFXKce0FgcrHVR98RQHMXNQiqY48RSfMVYnMUOIXO7p8Ve/MVg/MIJERAAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/ims/blank.gif R0lGODlhAgACAJEAAP////f39+/v7+fn5yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAACAAIAAQIChFEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/ims/general4.gif R0lGODlhmgBpALMAAAAAACkpKQAA/xgY/0pK/3t7/4yM/5SU/6QgIKWl/7Gx/8bG/9bW/+fn//f3 /////yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAACaAGkAQAT+8MlJq7046827/2BILYJQYIZgPCQhlcsDv0JMDg+hOozg FricyZIiOIqO26LBEDmf0ElpSq1ar9isdsvlxqLgsHhMLps7gAtgLVmzH2x3/C2Hw9NuS7o9wfft fBh+fHuAgYKGhRSKZ42Oj5BOAZMPkwGVlpQSlpiZl5yUoZcUnJ2YE6CalaSamZGvDwhmCLSNtLUZ tyK4ubAWDr/BE8DCEsTGFwjHD8vNwxnOFMDTxcwXy9KzEsq33NvbDrIUt8Di3eHf4+mxFcqx5du0 5cTm8OcT4uv17LGy9+7sAJLj9y7fPnP++uFDuHChOYXjGOIa2DCerokYLULUpZCXr4/+IEOK1KPm Tps9c/DMuaMoz0lGjBKRJPRnUc0KdV6i/FNokMyRQIMG1eFiggEjTgx8AbHghNCnGYhSOKDgQYMB LlJUlVGD65cSChSkGHBVhdUBPlgA01Fg64QEAsiidbGg6ACnEnoIYKCXb4kmUAMLHky4sOEQLln2 eXMojxzHKxm/PLmoZUydKBm7zCkZck86ksd8IrWJlalOo0WNUnXq06hTsFWbUlXqsO3bthNakKeb H8Bx89LJawevHzrh9IIDfwfuoDdZx5F/Exgv+ph8uz9gz64Otzbv4AlzvCgQI+9a5Dx2S8+NYj+E 5+NbbP8+3HD2BMPr3+9kc+THKqn+dFNln7W0mH8wWUYgaAlm5p9ik0UIYRgMLAAYNvxlqMFcFjQA TAMFFEAAYGIVsMBRW8FlwgFWJSCiWw+EOOIDDMyFFzMHGJCAAwcUkEBeISYAmIYezIWhECeQIAAN MczgVV536bBCAXFVwBYRPjhAZVE1lmDAkUR6AGY21FRQZhQOnIlMmGy26eabcMYpWE+OwFRSYzLR aRNNfAJy2Uw3DfJnf4Du5OdPfuppKE6AHhJIYnraEamjCy7a6CuQDnqghpoC9Vppq4DwaagjjUqk J6iAmiqotLGKyqirlaLaaqnGGoqqcopQW6689vpUbyBst84ZwhYbhbD5feSOdcL+EfQQdwYNi0+z zuojrW/4HPesbv4UF2202Mo5pq/BZmSRfRptZG59DqXbEHoMdQSvuruZFw+99JLnD3zqSmQQe/Cd Mx575Zj3233DOYRufN28RzBHCrMLcHn7gjufvO25k54tUCDbTgge86fxQPAi7M1y25Fsz7ACT9dc O/dlC67G5NZs882+KIrYBnT2zFOgheYJdNBC9+nTpDvP5CCeRQM9qYF73jmgnUrXtOjRiHb6UWg4 d+01FAlgpUBTIY6rQQNOmP01BQrEhTYFBahtQdtLeVDjjWtn0ICXR16FgwEDAFbCAG0LgLaSBjBw VdxobUUADgPg0KWJy2x5RJb+V+1IQN286rXCBVImUQKTT5ZugAJhD4EEBaFXYDkSZZkgN5sHlPD2 M1SucAPpTs7gN5IPqHi7EJ/DnRbsDTQgFQUJ/Bi8882zqcDjBvQ45AJ3DeB8XQQoRUD3EsBFABOR K1A7WTSiFTiU61OgvAlHjd8UASIO73fykeOPPn8GFND///4LIAAHKMACEvCABkwgAheoQAUOL28Q jKAEJ0jBClrwghgcTE6iEBOu6cEyBdrUB0MooQlJ7UBLG4PWxEA1RuHJZ5SyCQwTxTNEDUiFRDOU Dneyw0M1ijMI+tPVbGgIkiDthmGYoQ4X4zQXWuqGnVFQ1ZToQqIVbYVl6KD+Bo4IHixmkIKfEkUG TMUaoZQxTKNZlak2AKugrFFDaXSVaVZBq9bIsQK3oqMaN1HHNPrxTa8JJK5IFUc5hhGPg9QjaVZF qlC98WuC/KIkJ0nJSvYqZBtA1rPKsI9khQtkyQAKsO5lr/fAjF8diUhGKqaRkqmylfuS17n6RUtZ XuceKKuWbyZiLeaMRzozm5YnN8ktcAREODF7GTBvyUqFxYceKTNZwYolTYk9Uz3VdNjDJrawZ9bH I22CmCTBWRFMcoCcxAqPObkTSg9gMmVrWye0fMkObdFTmDQ7JrPymazzWAchweHNJ7FFHeP0Zlsa U45v6MGcXdozIMfYVn738tnJgX4SngT1Fj6ngyHsBNNZ4ViGRxn60GNSCzvRQIaasnENlkKjpS6l xjFWuiYNpBRDM7XpM2pqpkegswM/rYgT5HkzorZTA0a9lobQszJqucyhmqxOQv7pspDSjJ8L5Sgy mTWYijYnok3daLbCVcyxIuchI72oLjeJGzCl1KUtpemR3jqmuWJgdpbMq173arM6ePCEPNOMYBnE xBGKcEJcewxmDpupz0DhMl6MYRWxFjWmRY2yQ5vsC39mNCR+ALI+oaEPR9vZFjoKtAyCmmRDi1ms RSqyOeTTEIsYGiqe1rI4keJoIcu0Idq2iFCBLV+H64sIAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0 Content-Type: image/jpeg Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.aandc.org/ims/back2.jpg /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEASABIAAD/2wBDAAEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEBAQEB AQEBAQICAQECAQEBAgICAgICAgICAQICAgICAgICAgL/2wBDAQEBAQEBAQEBAQECAQEBAgICAgIC AgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgL/wgARCAADBkADASIA AhEBAxEB/8QAFwABAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMECf/EABkBAQEBAAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADBAIG B//aAAwDAQACEAMQAAAB7FUO9eaVucLUqRvahG97kNFrENN7kNWmxDTo1mXXUS0AAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Af/EABgQAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAECBw/9oACAEBAAEFAuTTCDSIjzf/xAAZEQACAwEAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAgExQWD/2gAIAQMBAT8BixRRBcIoQXRc5z//xAAZEQADAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AQJBMWD/2gAIAQIBAT8BfUUPRlaUMorzn//EABgQAAMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB4TBw/9oACAEB AAY/AsaVlZWVlfOv/8QAIRAAAQEJAAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARITFBYXGR0fAQcMH/2gAIAQEAAT8h CHgC+ShBDfJ2gL5O0BfJ2gvKZ2mXy2gDBHiqEyfFUAHRlw1ABk+KoA6PFUArk7QPnkr69b//2gAM AwEAAgADAAAAEHAov4X/ABwIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/xAAeEQABBAIDAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABABEhMbHB QWCB8P/aAAgBAwEBPxCpWHmSgEx9KAOY52UIaNkYQhkBAGECjlCHhTYW7fXP/8QAHxEAAgEEAgMA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAExIUGxwVGBEWDR/9oACAECAQE/EMLJJ94Yzu4wyDNWh3St9o+djvzPJHp+uf/E ACMQAAEEAgEDBQAAAAAAAAAAAAEAETFBIVGhYYGRcHHR4fD/2gAIAQEAAT8QF3mrI3pDh+uzoUgA wmBZ+UIj3aKGihDJuzs9UEvm0D1pBMcy4wgmOZcYQTTDwyjXd+L4SVRQsPuFBpd41tGTN/IUZZT5 EddAMnMiygADHuJR2VX8r03/AP/Z ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C5B53E.5488D2E0--