Use of Wind = Energy in U.S. Growing, But Planning and Guidelines Are Lacking

From: Subject: Use of Wind Energy in U.S. Growing, But Planning and Guidelines Are Lacking Date: Mon, 7 May 2007 09:31:47 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_025C_01C7908A.8893C260" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_025C_01C7908A.8893C260 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11935 =EF=BB=BF Use of Wind = Energy in U.S. Growing, But Planning and Guidelines Are Lacking

=20

Back=20 | Home= =20

Read=20 Full Report

Date: May 3, = 2007

Contacts: Sara = Frueh,=20 Media Relations Officer

Michelle=20 Strikowsky, Media Relations=20 Assistant

Office of=20 News and Public = Information

202-334-2138;=20 e-mail = <news@nas.edu>

FOR=20 IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Use of Wind=20 Energy in U.S. Growing,=20 But Planning and Guidelines Are Lacking;=20

New Report=20 Examines Wind Energy's Impacts on Emissions, = Wildlife,=20 and Humans

WASHINGTON = -- Although=20 the use of wind energy to generate electricity = is=20 increasing rapidly in the United=20 States, = government=20 guidance to help communities and developers = evaluate and=20 plan proposed wind-energy projects is lacking, = says a=20 new congressionally mandated report from the = National=20 Research Council. To = inform the=20 development of guidelines, the report offers an = analysis=20 of the environmental benefits and drawbacks of = wind=20 energy, along with an evaluation guide to aid=20 decision-making about projects. As a = case study,=20 the committee that wrote the report looked at = the=20 mid-Atlantic highlands, a mountainous area that = spans=20 parts of West = Virginia,=20 Virginia, = Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The = report does=20 not examine the impact of offshore wind-energy = projects.=20

Currently,=20 federal regulation of wind projects on private = land is=20 minimal, the report observes. And = although some=20 states have developed guidelines, wind energy is = such a=20 recent addition to the energy mix in most areas = -- the=20 nation's wind-energy capacity more than = quadrupled=20 between 2000 and 2006 -- that most states are = relatively=20 inexperienced at planning and regulation. = Despite the=20 growth in its use, wind energy still generates = less than=20 1 percent of the nation's electricity. Some=20 national-level policies to enhance the benefits = of wind=20 energy and minimize its harms would help guide = state and=20 local regulatory efforts, the report says.=20

Impacts on=20 CO2 and Other Pollutants

A = primary=20 benefit of using wind to generate electricity is = that it=20 produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), a major = greenhouse=20 gas, or any other air pollutant. Based = on U.S.=20 Department of Energy projections for wind-energy = development in the United=20 States, the = committee=20 estimated that by 2020, wind energy will offset=20 approximately 4.5 percent of the carbon dioxide = that=20 would otherwise be emitted by other electricity = sources.=20 In 2005,=20 electricity generation accounted for 39 percent = of the=20 nation's total CO2 emissions.

The=20 committee concluded that use of wind energy to = generate=20 electricity probably would not significantly = reduce=20 emissions of two other pollutants, sulfur = dioxide and=20 nitrogen oxides, because current and expected=20 regulations of these are largely based on = cap-and-trade=20 programs. The degree to=20 which emissions would be further = reduced=20 through special provisions to encourage = wind-energy use=20 -- such as=20 set-asides, in which a percentage of emissions = allowed=20 under the cap are retired to the extent they can = be=20 offset by wind energy -- is uncertain, the = committee=20 added.

In = the=20 mid-Atlantic region, wind energy will likely = contribute=20 a lower proportion of electricity generation = than it=20 will in the United States overall, the report = says;=20 compared to other areas, a smaller portion of = the region=20 has strong, relatively steady=20 winds.

Effects on=20 Wildlife

Wind=20 facilities can have certain adverse = environmental=20 effects on a local or regional level, by = damaging=20 habitat and killing birds and bats that fly into = turbines. Among = birds, the=20 most frequent turbine fatalities are nocturnal,=20 migrating songbirds, probably because of their=20 abundance, the report says. However, the=20 committee saw no evidence that fatalities from = existing=20 wind facilities are causing measurable changes = in bird=20 populations in the United=20 States. A = possible=20 exception is deaths among birds of prey, such as = eagles=20 and hawks, near Altamont Pass, Calif. -- a = facility=20 with older, smaller turbines that appear more = apt to=20 kill such birds than newer turbines are.

Too little=20 information is available to reliably predict how = proposed new wind projects in the mid-Atlantic = highlands=20 would affect bird populations, the report = says. As for = bats,=20 turbines placed on ridges -- as many are in the=20 mid-Atlantic region -- appear more likely to = kill them=20 than turbines sited elsewhere. In = fact,=20 preliminary information indicates that in the=20 mid-Atlantic highlands more bats are killed than = expected based on experience with other regions, = the=20 committee said. Although scarce=20 data make it hard to say how these deaths affect = overall=20 bat populations, the possibility of population = effects=20 is significant, especially if more turbines are = added,=20 given a general decline in several species of = bats in=20 the eastern United States.

Studies to=20 evaluate possible ecological impacts should be = conducted=20 prior to choosing sites for wind facilities, the = committee said, and follow-up studies should be=20 conducted to measure actual effects. = Additional basic=20 research also is needed to help assess the = short- and=20 long-term impacts of these facilities on species = at=20 risk.

Impacts on=20 Humans

A = common=20 objection to proposed wind projects is that they = will=20 have a negative aesthetic impact. The = report=20 outlines a process to help communities and = developers=20 assess a project's likely aesthetic effects, and = suggests ways to minimize them -- for example, = by using=20 uniform types and sizes of turbines, and by = ensuring=20 that each region retains some undeveloped scenic = vistas. = The=20 report also offers questions to ask, to help = determine=20 whether the aesthetic impact might be great = enough to=20 render a project unacceptable. =

Wind=20 projects also can be disruptive because of noise = and=20 shadow flicker, a strobelike effect caused by = rotating=20 turbine blades. =20 The report recommends that noise surveys = be=20 conducted before a project is sited, and that = processes=20 be set up to respond to noise complaints. Shadow = flicker=20 has generally not been a problem at wind = facilities in=20 North = America, the=20 report says; new turbines can be located so that = their=20 shadow paths avoid residences, or operations can = be=20 halted during times when troublesome flicker = occurs.=20

The report=20 also considers beneficial and adverse economic = effects=20 on local areas -- such as effects on landowners, = the=20 regional economy, and local government revenues = -- and=20 recommends measures to anticipate and mitigate = potential=20 problems. In = addition, the=20 report discusses possible electromagnetic = interference=20 with local installations such as radar.=20

Improving=20 Planning and Regulation

Governments=20 at the state and local levels should provide = developers=20 and the public with guidance to help them plan = for=20 wind-energy development, including guidance on=20 procedures and information needs for assessing = projects,=20 the report says. =20 It also recommends that regulatory = agencies adopt=20 an evaluation guide to review proposed projects, = and=20 that governments work with each other and with=20 organizations and developers to create = guidelines for=20 weighing projects' costs and benefits at scales = ranging=20 from local to national.

The report=20 was sponsored by the White House Council on=20 Environmental Quality. The = National=20 Academy of Sciences, National Academy of = Engineering,=20 Institute of = Medicine, and=20 National Research Council make up the National=20 Academies. They are private, nonprofit=20 institutions that provide science, technology, = and=20 health policy advice under a congressional=20 charter. The Research Council is the = principal=20 operating agency of the National Academy of = Sciences and=20 the National Academy of Engineering. A = committee=20 roster follows.

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Copies of Environmental= =20 Impacts of Wind Energy Projects will be = available from the National Academies Press; = tel.=20 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the = Internet at=20 http://www.nap.edu. = Reporters may=20 obtain a pre-publication copy from the Office of = News=20 and Public Information (contacts listed = above). =20

NATIONAL=20 RESEARCH COUNCIL
Division on=20 Earth and Life Studies =
Board on=20 Environmental Studies and = Toxicology=20

Committee on=20 Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy=20 Projects

Paul G.=20 Risser (chair)

Acting=20 Director

Smithsonian=20 Museum = of Natural=20 History, and

Chair

University=20 Research Cabinet

University = of=20 Oklahoma

Norman

Ingrid C.=20 Burke

University=20 Distinguished Teaching Scholar and=20 Professor

Department=20 of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed=20 Stewardship

Colorado=20 State = University

Fort=20 Collins

Christopher=20 Clark

I.P. Johnson=20 Director

Bioacoustics=20 Research Program

Laboratory=20 of Ornithology

Cornell=20 University

Ithaca, = N.Y.

Mary R.=20 English

Research=20 Leader

Energy,=20 Environment, and Resources = Center

University = of=20 Tennessee

Knoxville

Sidney=20 Gauthreaux Jr.

Professor of=20 Biological Sciences

Clemson=20 University

Clemson, = S.C.

Sherri W.=20 Goodman

General=20 Counsel

Center for=20 Naval Analyses Corp.

Alexandria, = Va.

John=20 Hayes

Chair

Department=20 of Wildlife Ecology and=20 Conservation

University = of=20 Florida

Gainesville

Arpad=20 Horvath

Associate=20 Professor

Engineering=20 and Project Management = Program

Department=20 of Civil and Environmental=20 Engineering

University = of=20 California

Berkeley

Thomas=20 Kunz

Director

Center for=20 Ecology and Conservation Biology,=20 and

Professor of=20 Biology

Boston=20 University

Boston

Lynn A.=20 Maguire

Professor of=20 the Practice of Environmental Management, and=20

Director of=20 Professional Studies

Nicholas=20 School = of the=20 Environment and Earth = Sciences

Duke=20 University

Durham,=20 N.C.

Lance=20 Manuel

Associate=20 Professor

Department=20 of Civil Engineering

University=20 of Texas

Austin

Erik=20 Lundtang Petersen

Head=20

Wind Energy=20 Department

Ris=C3=B8=20 National Laboratory

Roskilde,=20 Denmark

Dale=20 Strickland

Vice=20 President and Senior = Ecologist

Western=20 EcoSystems Technology Inc.

Cheyenne,=20 Wyo.

Jean=20 Vissering

Jean=20 Vissering Landscape Architecture =

Montpelier,=20 Vt.

James=20 Roderick (Rick) Webb

Senior=20 Scientist

Department=20 of Environmental Sciences, = and

Project=20 Coordinator

Shenandoah=20 Watershed Study and Virginia Trout Stream = Sensitivity=20 Study

University=20 of Virginia

Charlottesville

Robert=20 Whitmore

Professor of=20 Wildlife Ecology

West=20 Virginia University

Morgantown

RESEARCH=20 COUNCIL STAFF

David=20 Policansky

Study=20 Director

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